His research on world englishes, the kashmiri language and literature, and theoretical and applied. The most influential model of the spread of english is braj kachrus model of world englishes. World englishes, english as an international language and. Kachru, this paper highlights the legacy of his final monograph, world englishes and culture wars. Inner circle ic, outer circle oc and expanding circle ec. No doubt speakers from all the three circles perform in english in different.
Using circles to map the world only english braj kachru s pioneering model 1982, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1996, 2003, representing the growth and spread of english in the world, has been invaluable for researchers in the field of applied linguistics to come to grips with the implications of the pervasive, highly complex and frightening presence of. This volume brings together thirtysix chapters on world englishes, which are here understood to refer to the full range of englishes, both where english dominates as a native language and not. This book provides crucial reading for students and researchers of world englishes. This paper addresses the issue of the relationship between world englishes we and applied linguistics. It has become conventional to represent the diversity of varieties of english in the form of three concentric circles an idea introduced by the linguist braj kachru in 1985 the inner circle.
The inner circle represents the traditional bases of english. The power and politics of english kachru 1986 world. Kachru constructed a model of the different uses of english around the world. Schneider 5 english in australia and new zealand scott f. With this primary theoretical orientation in sight, the. The total number of english speakers in the inner circle is as high as 380 million, of whom some. While doing this, he focused on the historical context of english, the status of the language and the functions in various regions. Eric ed347805 world englishes and applied linguistics. Looking under kachrus 1982, 1985 three circles model of. The inner circle refers to the traditional cultural and linguistic bases of english.
Kachru 1997 proposed three circles figure1 to divide english using world. However, crystal 1995 comments that the model cannot represent the reality of international english use because the reality is often not so clearcut. This model is comprised of three concentric circles, which he labelled. The total number of english speakers in the inner circle is as high as 380 million, of whom some 120 million are outside the united states. World englishes braj kachrus model, jennifer jenkins. The outer circle of english was produced by the second diaspora of english, which. It is an insightful and provocative study of the forms and functions of english in asia, its acculturation and nativization, and the innovative dimensions of asian creativity. Elso 1 part1 thehistorical context 1 the beginnings robert d. The diffusion of english isseen in terms ofthree concentriccircles. World englishes approaches, issues, and resources braj b. Kachru the title of this paper is restricted to englishes,1 but the phenomenon i propose to discuss applies to most languages of wider communication e. The inner circle presents the countries where english is used as a native language.
These three circles, as has repeatedly been mentioned in the literature, bring to the english language and, of course, to its literature, too a unique cultural pluralism, and a variety of speech fellowships. In order to systematically classify them, kachru 1992 introduced the three concentric circles as way of conceptualizing this pluricentricity. His model has been cristicised for the labels inner and outer, because they suggest value judgement about better usage. Lectures notes world englishes autosaved elt j 1999 thornbury 4 11. The second observation about kachru s three circles model is that it underestimated the roles that english would come to play in expanding circle countries, although the term expanding circle suggests that the roles of english would develop in these countries.
The study of world englishes has seen a revolutionary shift during the last twenty years. Outer circle definition and examples world english. Kachru 65 stylistic variability and not speaking normal english. Criticism on braj kachru model kachru s model describes the inner circle, outer circle and expanding circle as normproviding, normdeveloping and normdependent.
The collection is designed to offer a mutually constructive engagement with current linguistic theories, methods, questions, and hypotheses. The three circle model of world englishes was developed by kachru in 1985 and it remains one of the most influential models for grouping the varieties of english in the world mollin, 2006, p. World englishes and culture wars by braj kachru border. It is claimed that the most vital power is that of the ideological change which has been attributed to the knowledge of the english language and literature in the outer and expanding circles. Use the link below to share a fulltext version of this article with your friends and colleagues. To better understand the use of english in different countries, kachru conceived the idea of three concentric circles of the language. Braj kachru s 1992 world englishes model kachru devised his model in 1992, before the rise of the internet, this has perhaps affected how we see the model today. Kachru s three concentric circles and english teaching fallacies. He coined the term world english and also published studies on the kashmiri language.
The outer circle is made up of postcolonial countries in which english, though not the mother tongue, has for a significant period of time played an important role in education, governance, and popular culture. Kachru skip to main content accessibility help we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. World englishes and applied linguistics kachru braj. For many sociolinguists the most important and accurate model is the one proposed by braj kachru in 1988. Bailey and gorlach 1982, kachru 1982 and 1986a, platt et al. The handbook of world englishes is a collection of newly commissioned articles focusing on selected critical dimensions and case studies of the theoretical, ideological, applied and pedagogical issues related to english as it is spoken around the world. The outer circle represents the institutionalised nonnative varieties esl in the regions that have passed through extended periods of colonisation. Although the british council has suggested a figure of close to 2bn, braj kachru, the author of this book, says we cannot really know. The inner circle is comprised of the original countries and states that used english as their primary language, in other words, the native speakers. Advantages and disadvantges of kachru s three circle model by fred wehbe. The inner circle, the outer circle, and the expanding circle. Figure 9 braj kachru s three circle model of english speakers kachru, 1992 long description the field of world englishes broke new ground in terms of challenging conventional notions of language ownership, and there is now a considerable literature on the existence of national or regional varieties of english, e. It also refers to the movement towards an international standard of the english language. The total number of english speakers in the inner circle is as high as 380 million.
The most influential model of the spread of english is braj kachrus model of world. The spread of the english language was described by braj kachru in terms of the three concentric circles. Kachru is a professor of linguistics, of comparative literature, of english as an international xlanguage and of education at the university of illinois at urbana, il, usa. He was jubilee professor of linguistics at the university of illinois at urbanachampaign. Braj kachru three circles model this model describes the way english is distributed across the globe before the internet changed that, or at least augmented that. In this model the diffusion of english is captured in terms of three concentric circles of the language. His three circle model of world englishes, states that there are three circles inside which, the different speakers are classified.
Explanation of world englishes by braj kachru in hindi. King 3 english in scotland fiona douglas 30 41 second diaspora 4 english in orth america edgar w. Kachru describes the inner circle as the traditional bases of english, dominated by the mother tongue varieties of the. Lexicology and semantics assignment week 1 group 5. Looking under kachrus 1982, 1985 three circles model of world. He is the founder and coeditor of world englishes, the associate editor of the oxford companion to the english language and contributor to the cambridge history of the english language. It is claimed that the most vital power is that of the ideological change which has been attributed to the knowledge of the english language and. Before 1980, there was a general assumption within britain, the united states and many other societies where english was taught, that the primary target was the standard english of britain. Kachru s three concentric circles, the interlanguage theory, standard english and english as a lingua france elf were paid special attention while touching upon the controversial debates on world englishes. The diffusion of english is seen in terms of three concentric circles. The theory of the three concentric circles was proposed by braj kachru, a linguist and journalist from kashmir, asia.
Mohanan 67 power and politics in the content of grammar. Braj bihari kachru 15 may 1932 29 july 2016 was an indian linguist. Professor kachru was a towering figure among world englishes. World englishes and applied linguistics semantic scholar. Beyond the canon asian englishes today series by braj b. According to kachru, the inner circle includes the native english speaking countries such as england, usa and canada.
It is often criticised because it suggests just three language categories, ignoring the variations within and between them. Kachrus three concentric circles model of english language eric. World english refers to the fact that the english language has been used as a global means of communication in numerous dialects worldwide. Let us begin with kachrus classification of english as a world language as consisting of three circles kachru, 1982, 1988. World englishes is a term for emerging localized or indigenized varieties of english, especially. Kachru 1985 described the spread of english in terms of three concentric circles. Kachrus three concentric circles model of english language. Kachru model the three circles of english varieties of. Explanation of world englishes by braj kachru in hindi, kachru s three circles of english summary, strevens world map of english, yamuna kachru, braj kachru books, kachru three circle. Braj kachru was a professor of linguistics who coined the term world english. Three concentric circles of english in his seminal speech on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the british council, kachru 1985 proposed his conceptualization of the then situation of the english speaking world in terms of three concentric circles.
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